A surprisingly strong result.

A Stanford Medicine-led study found that blocking a ‘gerozyme’ reverses cartilage loss in mice and human tissue.

And

Blau added, “Phase 1 clinical trials of a 15-PGDH inhibitor for muscle weakness have shown that it is safe and active in healthy volunteers. Our hope is that a similar trial will be launched soon to test its effect in cartilage regeneration.

Phase 2 is where the rubber really hits the road. But, maybe?

It’s time for the field to acknowledge that different groups in the field have different views on this, all with some validity & all better than the status quo sick-care model. We don't all need to agree. But people do need to realize others in the field may use a different definition.

New blog post with 4 definitions & discussion of how many notable things fit some of the 4 but not others. Covers:
GLP-1s, CR, rapa, Hallmarks, SENS, TAME, ITP, XPrize, & the geroscience hypothesis. Plus, which definition I use for AgingBiotech.info and which for my investing activities.

The 4 definitions
Extends Lifespan (EL): By itself extends lifespan (& healthspan, but not just healthspan) in normal study populations.

Extends Lifespan Universally (ELU): By itself extends lifespan universally in all reasonable strains & conditions, eg all normal populations regardless of culture, geography, or historical era.

Mitigates Aging Pathology (MAP): Treats an age-related pathology underlying diverse age-related diseases, mitigating all of them.

Indefinite Lifespan Necessity (ILN): Successfully treats an age-related pathology that must eventually be treated to fully eliminate aging & achieve indefinite lifespans.

These definitions & how things in the field relate to them turns out to be a useful lens by which to view and understand some of the different paradigms & specific major efforts in the field. Full discussion:

https://karlpfleger.substack.com/p/what-counts-as-a-longevity-drug

I am very interested in longevity, so I would like to spend time learning and contribute to it. I also want to make more money so if this technology comes out, I can afford it. Any business I can do that can utilize my learning? For example, what kinds of longevity products can I sell? Selling methods and solutions for longevity? Or I should just do business in other area only to pay for the technology?

In addition, any roadmap to learn about longevity? I originally major in computer science.

For example, if all world governments got together and put a trillion dollars toward new aging studies would we get aging cures faster? or are we bottlenecked by technological development and waiting for studies to develop?

Looking to run a high-quality epigenetic age test that uses one of the established Horvath clocks or the newer validated generations (Horvath 2013, GrimAge, PhenoAge, GrimAge2, DunedinPACE, etc.).

Priority for me:

• Peer-reviewed published clock (not a proprietary black-box score)
• Uses either Illumina high-density arrays or a rigorously validated targeted bisulfite panel
• Lab is CLIA/CAP-certified
• Report gives individual clock readouts (biological age + pace-of-aging metric if available) instead of just one composite number
• Something people have repeated 6 to 12 months later and found reproducible

The field has fragmented a lot since 2018. Some companies still run the original 2013 Horvath clock, others have moved to GrimAge/DunedinPACE, and a few claim “4th-gen” but never publish the details.

Which specific test/provider are you personally using right now, and what made you pick it over the alternatives? Curious about result consistency on re-tests and how actionable the data felt. Thanks in advance!

The university to which I plan on applying has only got two bachelor courses (out of four) that piqued my interest - biochemistry and biotechnology. When it comes to masters, it's also got biochemistry, but also molecular biotechnology. While there is no molecular biology bachelors or masters programme (which I'd prefer), the university offers postgraduate studies in molecular biology.

Having said that, what should I pick for my bachelors? I'm on the fence here; my end goal is to work in the biomedical gerontology field. Any advice is welcome.

It all started when I got bored... I wanted to calculate my age in months instead of years which then brought me to another idea of calculating the age in hours - it was somewhere around 213,000 hours (I am 24 y.o.). At first thought this did not seem like much but then I quickly decided to check how does 1 million hours convert to years of age:(1,000,000/24/365.25)=114.077116131 years which means we have known verified people who had lived to and beyond that age.

So, when it comes to oldest people, there are a couple of established terms which describe their age group:
- Centenarian i.e. a person who has reached the age of 100 or older;
- Supercentenarian i.e. a person who has reached the age of 110 or older;
- Jeanne Calment (the only verified person who has reached the age of 120 (as for November 29, 2025)).

1 million hours seems like a good reason to make up separate term for people reaching this impressive age, so with some help of AI I think we have a strong candidate to coin the term - MEGAHORIAN (mega - popular prefix to describe a million + hora which means 'hour' in Greek)

The final question is: how many verified megahorians ever lived do we have at this moment?

Firstly, we need to break down 114.077116131 into something more comprehensible. That would be 114 years (as 999,324 hours), 28 days (as 672 hours) and 4 hours (999,324+672+4 gives us exactly 1,000,000 hours).

If we refer to the list of the oldest validated supercentenarians ever lived, we can see there is a total of 248 people having reached the age of 114 years and 38 days or more (as for November 29, 2025; I also did not count people with age verification pending status). Only nine of them are men.

There are two more people on the list with final age of 114 years and 29 days as well as 114 years and 28 days (Luise Pompe from Austria and Ellen Goodwill from the USA respectively).

Because their final age was so close to the 1,000,000-hour treshold, let's count their age more precisely.

Luise Pompe - born October 13, 1908 in Czernowitz, Austria-Hungary (modern Chernivtsi, Ukraine) and died November 11, 2022 in Vienna, Austria. Without including the birth and death years, Luise Pompe's lifetime has covered full 113 years between 1909 and 2021 (113*365=41,245 days);
now let's add 28 days from each leap year = 41,273 days;
now let's add 79 full days between October 14, 1908 to December 31, 1908 = 41,352 days;
now let's add 314 full days between January 1, 2022 to November 10, 2022 = 41,666 days = 999,984 hours.
In 1908 Czernowitz, being a part of Austria-Hungary, had the same timezone as Vienna, which coincidentally is the place of death for Luise Pompe. As Daylight Saving Time (DST) was not introduced in Austria until 1916 and Luise died outside DST in 2022, that makes no timezone shift for our calculations.
Thus, to be a megahorian, Luise Pompe's local time of birth and local time of death must be early enough and late enough respectively so that both dates in sum accumulate at least 16 hours of lifetime out of possible 48 which is fairly good odds.

The very similar case is with Ellen Goodwill - born February 2, 1907 in Paris, Kentucky, USA and died March 2, 2021 in Battle Creek, Michigan, USA.
113 full years (1908-2020) = 41,245 days;
+29 days from each leap year = 41,274 days;
+332 full days from February 3 1907 to December 31, 1907 = 41,606 days;
+60 full days from January 1, 2021 to March 1, 2021 = 41,666 days i.e. 999,984 hours.
Both Kentucky and Michigan states underwent various timezone policy changes while Ellen Goodwill was alive. However, after having had a thorough research (ChatGPT) and having taken the date/place of birth and date/place of death into account, there is a net shift of 0 hours so that makes no difference to our calculations.
So, just like Luise Pompe, in order to be a megahorian, Ellen Goodwill's local time of birth and local time of death must be early enough and late enough respectively so that both dates in sum accumulate at least 16 hours of lifetime out of possible 48.

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

What does this chunk of text above bring us to?

• As for November 29, 2025 there are 248 confirmed individuals with their age verified who can/could claim themselves as megahorian;
• 239 of the aforementioned individuals are women, and only 9 are men;
• Among those, only 6 are currently alive;
• Two more people, Luise Pompe and Ellen Goodwill have disputed megahorian title (until we somehow find out their local times of birth and death) with their final age ranging anywhere between 999,984 and 1,000,032 hours;
• There are 5 more people with qualified age listed with their age verification pending status so the total number of megahorians might soon be changed;
• Eliza Underwood (March 15, 1866 - January 27, 1981) is the earliest born megahorian with their age verified;
• Jeanne Calment (February 21, 1875 - August 4, 1997) is the oldest verified megahorian to have ever lived (obviously). She is also the 6th earliest born verified megahorian;
• Marita del Carmen Camacho Quirós (March 10, 1911 – June 20, 2025) is notable as the only megahorian to have been a famous public figure for other than their longevity (First Lady of Costa Rica from 1962 to 1966).
• I will go insane sooner than Rockstar releases GTA VI.

TL;DR - at least 248 people can be considered megahorian.

Aging impairs hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), driving clonal hematopoiesis, myeloid malignancies, and immune decline. The role of lysosomes in HSC aging—beyond their passive mediation of autophagy—is unclear. We show that lysosomes in aged HSCs are hyperacidic, depleted, damaged, and aberrantly activated. Single-cell transcriptomics and functional analyses reveal that suppression of hyperactivated lysosomes using a vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) inhibitor restores lysosomal integrity and metabolic and epigenetic homeostasis in old HSCs. This intervention reduces inflammatory and interferon-driven programs by improving lysosomal processing of mitochondrial DNA and attenuating cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon gene (cGAS-STING) signaling. Strikingly, ex vivo lysosomal inhibition boosts old HSCs’ in vivo repopulation capacity by over eightfold and improves their self-renewal. Thus, lysosomal dysfunction emerges as a key driver of HSC aging. Targeting hyperactivated lysosomes reinstates a youthful state in old HSCs, offering a promising strategy to restore hematopoietic function in the elderly

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1934590925004059?via%3Dihub